Short-distance vessels may have stronger opportunities for direct electrification, while longer routes may require energy-dense gaseous or liquid fuels. The appropriate pathway should be evaluated on a well-to-wake basis.

The role of e-fuels in maritime transport depends on vessel type, route, engine technology, fuel availability and port infrastructure. Renewable pathways such as e-methanol, e-methane and e-ammonia may support longer-distance operations where direct electrification is more difficult. Each option should be assessed using verified lifecycle emissions and well-to-wake performance.